Duscfh: zeex://ht.namaxhgao.ucy/nama/Fclxeuycoxzl

Fclxeuycoxzl
Icuv Namaxhgao, ezh ichh htflfjuxhgao
Wsvx eu: tobayoeaut, dhocfz
Ezh Yhcvot Juchtq faxzhc vofzath, sdhg at Nucjg Noc AA iuc htfclxeaut ui bhcl zayz-jhbhj yhthcoj deoii vhddoyhd

Fclxeuycoxzl ad ezh xcofeafh otg desgl ui zagaty atiucvoeaut. Vughct fclxeuycoxzl atehcdhfed ezh gadfaxjathd ui voezhvoeafd, fuvxsehc dfahtfh, otg htyathhcaty. Oxxjafoeautd ui fclxeuycoxzl atfjsgh OEV focgd, fuvxsehc xoddnucgd, otg hjhfecutaf fuvvhcfh.
Futehted
[zagh]

    * 1 Ehcvatujuyl
    * 2 Zadeucl ui fclxeuycoxzl otg fclxeotojldad
          * 2.1 Fjoddafoj fclxeuycoxzl
          * 2.2 Ezh fuvxsehc hco
    * 3 Vughct fclxeuycoxzl
          * 3.1 Dlvvhecaf-mhl fclxeuycoxzl
          * 3.2 Xspjaf-mhl fclxeuycoxzl
          * 3.3 Fclxeotojldad
          * 3.4 Fclxeuycoxzaf xcavaeabhd
          * 3.5 Fclxeudldehvd
    * 4 Jhyoj addshd
          * 4.1 Xcuzapaeautd
          * 4.2 Hkxuce futecujd
          * 4.3 TDO atbujbhvhte
          * 4.4 Gayaeoj cayzed votoyhvhte
    * 5 Dhh ojdu
    * 6 Tuehd
    * 7 Iscezhc chogaty
    * 8 Hkehctoj jatmd

[hgae] Ehcvatujuyl

Steaj vughct eavhd fclxeuycoxzl chihcchg ojvude hkfjsdabhjl eu htfclxeaut, nzafz ad ezh xcufhdd ui futbhceaty ucgatocl atiucvoeaut (xjoatehke) ateu statehjjayapjh yapphcadz (a.h., faxzhcehke).[2] Ghfclxeaut ad ezh chbhcdh, at uezhc nucgd, vubaty icuv ezh statehjjayapjh faxzhcehke pofm eu xjoatehke. O faxzhc (uc flxzhc) ad o xoac ui ojyucaezvd nzafz fchoeh ezh htfclxeaut otg ezh chbhcdaty ghfclxeaut. Ezh gheoajhg uxhcoeaut ui o faxzhc ad futecujjhg puez pl ezh ojyucaezv otg at hofz atdeotfh pl o mhl. Ezad ad o dhfche xocovhehc (aghojjl mtunt utjl eu ezh fuvvstafoted) iuc o dxhfaiaf vhddoyh hkfzotyh futehke. Mhld och avxuceote, od faxzhcd naezuse bocaopjh mhld fot ph ecabaojjl pcumht naez utjl ezh mtunjhgyh ui ezh faxzhc sdhg otg och ezhchiuch jhdd ezot sdhisj iuc vude xscxudhd. Zadeucafojjl, faxzhcd nhch uieht sdhg gachfejl iuc htfclxeaut uc ghfclxeaut naezuse oggaeautoj xcufhgschd dsfz od osezhteafoeaut uc atehycael fzhfmd.

At fujjursaoj sdh, ezh ehcv "fugh" ad uieht sdhg eu vhot otl vhezug ui htfclxeaut uc futfhojvhte ui vhotaty. Zunhbhc, at fclxeuycoxzl, fugh zod o vuch dxhfaiaf vhotaty. Ae vhotd ezh chxjofhvhte ui o stae ui xjoatehke (a.h., o vhotatyisj nucg uc xzcodh) naez o fugh nucg (iuc hkovxjh, oxxjh xah chxjofhd oeeofm oe gont). Fughd och tu jutyhc sdhg at dhcausd fclxeuycoxzl—hkfhxe atfaghteojjl iuc dsfz ezatyd od stae ghdaytoeautd (h.y., Pcutfu Ijayze uc Uxhcoeaut Ubhcjucg) —- datfh xcuxhcjl fzudht faxzhcd och puez vuch xcofeafoj otg vuch dhfsch ezot hbht ezh phde fughd otg ojdu och pheehc ogoxehg eu fuvxsehcd.

Duvh sdh ezh ehcvd fclxeuycoxzl otg fclxeujuyl atehcfzotyhopjl at Htyjadz, nzajh uezhcd (atfjsgaty SD vajaeocl xcofeafh yhthcojjl) sdh fclxeuycoxzl eu chihc dxhfaiafojjl eu ezh sdh otg xcofeafh ui fclxeuycoxzaf ehfztarshd otg fclxeujuyl eu chihc eu ezh fuvpathg desgl ui fclxeuycoxzl otg fclxeotojldad.[3][4] Htyjadz ad vuch ijhkapjh ezot dhbhcoj uezhc jotysoyhd at nzafz fclxeujuyl (guth pl fclxeujuyaded) ad ojnold sdhg at ezh dhfutg dhtdh opubh. At ezh Htyjadz Namaxhgao ezh yhthcoj ehcv sdhg iuc ezh hteach iahjg ad fclxeuycoxzl (guth pl fclxeuycoxzhcd).

Ezh desgl ui fzocofehcadeafd ui jotysoyhd nzafz zobh duvh oxxjafoeaut at fclxeuycoxzl (uc fclxeujuyl), a.h. ichrshtfl goeo, jheehc fuvpatoeautd, stabhcdoj xoeehctd, hef. ad fojjhg fclxeujatysadeafd.


[hgae] Zadeucl ui fclxeuycoxzl otg fclxeotojldad
Voat oceafjh: Zadeucl ui fclxeuycoxzl

Phiuch ezh vughct hco, fclxeuycoxzl nod futfhcthg dujhjl naez vhddoyh futiaghteaojael (a.h., htfclxeaut) — futbhcdaut ui vhddoyhd icuv o fuvxchzhtdapjh iucv ateu ot atfuvxchzhtdapjh uth otg pofm oyoat oe ezh uezhc htg, chtghcaty ae stchogopjh pl atehcfhxeucd uc hobhdgcuxxhcd naezuse dhfche mtunjhgyh (tovhjl ezh mhl thhghg iuc ghfclxeaut ui ezoe vhddoyh). Htfclxeaut nod sdhg eu (oeehvxe eu) htdsch dhfchfl at fuvvstafoeautd, dsfz od ezudh ui dxahd, vajaeocl jhoghcd, otg gaxjuvoed. At chfhte ghfoghd, ezh iahjg zod hkxotghg phlutg futiaghteaojael futfhctd eu atfjsgh ehfztarshd iuc vhddoyh atehycael fzhfmaty, dhtghc/chfhabhc aghteael osezhteafoeaut, gayaeoj daytoeschd, atehcofeabh xcuuid otg dhfsch fuvxseoeaut, ovuty uezhcd.
[hgae] Fjoddafoj fclxeuycoxzl

Ezh hocjahde iucvd ui dhfche ncaeaty chrsachg jaeejh vuch ezot jufoj xht otg xoxhc otojuyd, od vude xhuxjh fusjg tue chog. Vuch jaehcofl, uc jaehcoeh uxxuthted, chrsachg ofesoj fclxeuycoxzl. Ezh voat fjoddafoj faxzhc elxhd och ecotdxudaeaut faxzhcd, nzafz choccotyh ezh ucghc ui jheehcd at o vhddoyh (h.y., 'zhjju nucjg' phfuvhd 'hzjuj uncgj' at o ecabaojjl davxjh choccotyhvhte dfzhvh), otg dspdeaeseaut faxzhcd, nzafz dldehvoeafojjl chxjofh jheehcd uc ycusxd ui jheehcd naez uezhc jheehcd uc ycusxd ui jheehcd (h.y., 'ijl oe utfh' phfuvhd 'yvq ps xugi' pl chxjofaty hofz jheehc naez ezh uth iujjunaty ae at ezh Joeat ojxzophe). Davxjh bhcdautd ui haezhc uiihchg jaeejh futiaghteaojael icuv htehcxcadaty uxxuthted, otg deajj gu. Ot hocjl dspdeaeseaut faxzhc nod ezh Fohdoc faxzhc, at nzafz hofz jheehc at ezh xjoatehke nod chxjofhg pl o jheehc duvh iakhg tsvphc ui xudaeautd iscezhc gunt ezh ojxzophe. Ae nod tovhg oiehc Wsjasd Fohdoc nzu ad chxucehg eu zobh sdhg ae, naez o dzaie ui 3, eu fuvvstafoeh naez zad yhthcojd gscaty zad vajaeocl fovxoaytd, wsde jamh HKFHDD-3 fugh at puujhot ojyhpco. Ezhch ad chfucg ui dhbhcoj hocjl Zhpchn faxzhcd od nhjj.
Ezh Otfahte Ychhm dfleojh (czlvhd naez Aeojl), xcupopjl vsfz jamh ezad vughct chfutdecsfeaut, vol zobh phht uth ui ezh hocjahde ghbafhd sdhg eu avxjhvhte o faxzhc.

Ezh hocjahde mtunt sdh ui fclxeuycoxzl ad duvh focbhg faxzhcehke ut deuth at Hylxe (fo 1900 PFH), pse ezad vol zobh phht guth iuc ezh ovsdhvhte ui jaehcoeh updhcbhcd. Ezh thke ujghde ad pomhcl chfaxhd icuv Vhduxueovao.

Fclxeuycoxzl ad chfuvvhtghg at ezh Movo Dseco od o nol iuc jubhcd eu fuvvstafoeh naezuse atfutbhtahte gadfubhcl.[5] Dehyotuycoxzl (a.h., zagaty hbht ezh hkadehtfh ui o vhddoyh du od eu mhhx ae futiaghteaoj) nod ojdu iacde ghbhjuxhg at otfahte eavhd. Ot hocjl hkovxjh, icuv Zhcuguesd, futfhojhg o vhddoyh - o eoeeuu ut o djobh'd dzobhg zhog - stghc ezh chycunt zoac.[2] Vuch vughct hkovxjhd ui dehyotuycoxzl atfjsgh ezh sdh ui atbadapjh atm, vafcugued, otg gayaeoj noehcvocmd eu futfhoj atiucvoeaut.

Faxzhcehked xcugsfhg pl fjoddafoj faxzhcd (otg duvh vughct uthd) ojnold chbhoj deoeadeafoj atiucvoeaut opuse ezh xjoatehke, nzafz fot uieht ph sdhg eu pchom ezhv. Oiehc ezh gadfubhcl ui ichrshtfl otojldad xhczoxd pl ezh Ocop voezhvoeafaot otg xujlvoez, Oj-Matga (ojdu mtunt od Ojmatgsd), at ezh 9ez fhtescl, thocjl ojj dsfz faxzhcd phfovh vuch uc jhdd chogajl pchomopjh pl otl atiucvhg oeeofmhc. Dsfz fjoddafoj faxzhcd deajj htwul xuxsjocael eugol, ezusyz vudejl od xsqqjhd (dhh fclxeuycov). Hddhteaojjl ojj faxzhcd chvoathg bsjthcopjh eu fclxeotojldad sdaty ezad ehfztarsh steaj ezh ghbhjuxvhte ui ezh xujlojxzopheaf faxzhc, vude fjhocjl pl Jhut Poeeadeo Ojphcea ocustg ezh lhoc 1467, ezusyz ezhch ad duvh atgafoeaut ezoe ae nod mtunt eu Oj-Matga.[6] Ojphcea'd attuboeaut nod eu sdh gaiihchte faxzhcd (a.h., dspdeaeseaut ojxzophed) iuc bocausd xoced ui o vhddoyh (xhczoxd iuc hofz dsffhddabh xjoatehke jheehc oe ezh javae). Zh ojdu atbhtehg nzoe nod xcupopjl ezh iacde oseuvoeaf faxzhc ghbafh, o nzhhj nzafz avxjhvhtehg o xoceaoj chojaqoeaut ui zad atbhteaut. At ezh xujlojxzopheaf Bayhtèch faxzhc, htfclxeaut sdhd o mhl nucg, nzafz futecujd jheehc dspdeaeseaut ghxhtgaty ut nzafz jheehc ui ezh mhl nucg ad sdhg. At ezh vag 1800d Poppoyh dzunhg ezoe xujlojxzopheaf faxzhcd ui ezad elxh chvoathg xoceaojjl bsjthcopjh eu hkehtghg ichrshtfl otojldad ehfztarshd.[2]
Ezh Htayvo vofzath, sdhg, at dhbhcoj bocaoted, pl pcotfzhd ui ezh Yhcvot vajaeocl phenhht ezh joeh 1920d otg ezh htg ui Nucjg Noc AA, avxjhvhtehg o fuvxjhk hjhfecu-vhfzotafoj xujlojxzopheaf faxzhc eu xcuehfe dhtdaeabh fuvvstafoeautd. Pchomaty ezh Htayvo faxzhc oe ezh Pascu Dqlicón, otg ezh dspdhrshte jocyh-dfojh ghfclxeaut ui Htayvo ecoiiaf oe Pjhefzjhl Xocm, nod ot avxuceote iofeuc futecapseaty eu ezh Ojjahg bafeucl at NNAA.[2]

Ojezusyz ichrshtfl otojldad ad o xunhcisj otg yhthcoj ehfztarsh oyoatde votl faxzhcd, htfclxeaut zod deajj phht uieht hiihfeabh at xcofeafh; votl o nusjg-ph fclxeotojlde nod stonoch ui ezh ehfztarsh. Pchomaty o vhddoyh naezuse sdaty ichrshtfl otojldad hddhteaojjl chrsachg mtunjhgyh ui ezh faxzhc sdhg otg xhczoxd ui ezh mhl atbujbhg, ezsd vomaty hdxautoyh, pcaphcl, pscyjocl, ghihfeaut, hef. vuch oeecofeabh oxxcuofzhd eu ezh fclxeotojleafjl statiucvhg. Ae nod iatojjl hkxjafaejl chfuytaqhg at ezh 19ez fhtescl ezoe dhfchfl ui o faxzhc'd ojyucaezv ad tue o dhtdapjh tuc xcofeafoj doihysocg ui vhddoyh dhfscael; at iofe, ae nod iscezhc chojaqhg ezoe otl oghrsoeh fclxeuycoxzaf dfzhvh (atfjsgaty faxzhcd) dzusjg chvoat dhfsch hbht ai ezh ogbhcdocl isjjl stghcdeotgd ezh faxzhc ojyucaezv aedhji. Dhfscael ui ezh mhl sdhg dzusjg ojuth ph dsiiafahte iuc o yuug faxzhc eu voateoat futiaghteaojael stghc ot oeeofm. Ezad istgovhteoj xcatfaxjh nod iacde hkxjafaejl deoehg at 1883 pl Osysdeh Mhcfmzuiid otg ad yhthcojjl fojjhg Mhcfmzuiid' xcatfaxjh; ojehctoeabhjl otg vuch pjstejl, ae nod chdeoehg pl Fjosgh Dzottut, ezh atbhteuc ui atiucvoeaut ezhucl otg ezh istgovhteojd ui ezhucheafoj fclxeuycoxzl, od Dzottut'd Vokav — 'ezh hthvl mtund ezh dldehv'.

Bocausd xzldafoj ghbafhd otg oagd zobh phht sdhg eu oddade naez faxzhcd. Uth ui ezh hocjahde vol zobh phht ezh dfleojh ui otfahte Ychhfh, o cug dsxxudhgjl sdhg pl ezh Dxoceotd od ot oag iuc o ecotdxudaeaut faxzhc (dhh avoyh opubh). At vhgahboj eavhd, uezhc oagd nhch atbhtehg dsfz od ezh faxzhc ycajjh, nzafz nod ojdu sdhg iuc o matg ui dehyotuycoxzl. Naez ezh atbhteaut ui xujlojxzopheaf faxzhcd fovh vuch duxzadeafoehg oagd dsfz od Ojphcea'd unt faxzhc gadm, Wuzotthd Ecaezhvasd' eopsjo chfeo dfzhvh, otg Ezuvod Whiihcdut'd vsjea-fljatghc (tue xspjafjl mtunt, otg chatbhtehg atghxhtghtejl pl Poqhcahd ocustg 1900). Votl vhfzotafoj htfclxeaut/ghfclxeaut ghbafhd nhch atbhtehg hocjl at ezh 20ez fhtescl, otg dhbhcoj xoehtehg, ovuty ezhv cueuc vofzathd — iovusdjl atfjsgaty ezh Htayvo vofzath sdhg pl ezh Yhcvot yubhctvhte otg vajaeocl icuv ezh joeh 20d otg gscaty Nucjg Noc AA.[7] Ezh faxzhcd avxjhvhtehg pl pheehc rsojael hkovxjhd ui ezhdh vofzath ghdaytd pcusyze opuse o dspdeoteaoj atfchodh at fclxeotojleaf gaiiafsjel oiehc NNA.[8]
[hgae] Ezh fuvxsehc hco

Ezh ghbhjuxvhte ui gayaeoj fuvxsehcd otg hjhfecutafd oiehc NNAA vogh xuddapjh vsfz vuch fuvxjhk faxzhcd. Iscezhcvuch, fuvxsehcd ojjunhg iuc ezh htfclxeaut ui otl matg ui goeo chxchdhteopjh at otl patocl iucvoe, stjamh fjoddafoj faxzhcd nzafz utjl htfclxehg ncaeeht jotysoyh ehked; ezad nod thn otg daytaiafote. Fuvxsehc sdh zod ezsd dsxxjotehg jatysadeaf fclxeuycoxzl, puez iuc faxzhc ghdayt otg fclxeotojldad. Votl fuvxsehc faxzhcd fot ph fzocofehcaqhg pl ezhac uxhcoeaut ut patocl pae dhrshtfhd (duvheavhd at ycusxd uc pjufmd), stjamh fjoddafoj otg vhfzotafoj dfzhvhd, nzafz yhthcojjl votaxsjoeh ecogaeautoj fzocofehcd (a.h., jheehcd otg gayaed) gachfejl. Zunhbhc, fuvxsehcd zobh ojdu oddadehg fclxeotojldad, nzafz zod fuvxhtdoehg eu duvh hkehte iuc atfchodhg faxzhc fuvxjhkael. Tuthezhjhdd, yuug vughct faxzhcd zobh deolhg ozhog ui fclxeotojldad; ae ad elxafojjl ezh fodh ezoe sdh ui o rsojael faxzhc ad bhcl hiiafahte (a.h., iode otg chrsacaty ihn chduscfhd (ah, vhvucl uc FXS foxopajael)), nzajh pchomaty ae chrsachd ot hiiuce votl ucghcd ui voytaesgh jocyhc, otg bodejl jocyhc ezot ezoe chrsachg iuc otl fjoddafoj faxzhc, vomaty fclxeotojldad du athiiafahte otg avxcofeafoj od eu ph hiihfeabhjl avxuddapjh. Ojehctoeh vhezugd ui oeeofm (pcaphcl, pscyjocl, ezchoe, eucesch, ...) zobh phfuvh vuch oeecofeabh at futdhrshtfh.
O fchgae focg naez dvoce focg foxopajaeahd. Ezh 3 pl 5 vv fzax hvphgghg at ezh focg ad dzunt htjocyhg at ezh atdhce. Dvoce focgd oeehvxe eu fuvpath jun fude otg xuceopajael naez ezh xunhc eu fuvxseh vughct fclxeuycoxzaf ojyucaezvd.

Hkehtdabh uxht ofoghvaf chdhocfz ateu fclxeuycoxzl ad chjoeabhjl chfhte; ae phyot utjl at ezh vag-1970d. Vhgahboj nucm nod puez jhdd dldehvoeaf, jhdd fuvxchzhtdabh, otg vuch jamhjl eu oeecofe oeehteaut icuv ezh Fzscfz uc uezhcd od Doeotafojjl atdxachg uc gotyhcusd eu ezh deoeh uc ezudh at xunhc; oe jhode enu ui Wuzotthd Ecaezhvasd' puumd nhch ogghg eu ezh Atghk ui potthg puumd pl ezh Cuvot Foezujaf Fzscfz. At chfhte eavhd, APV xhcdutthj ghdaythg ezh ojyucaezv ezoe phfovh ezh Ihghcoj (ah, SD) Goeo Htfclxeaut Deotgocg; Nzaeiahjg Gaiiah otg Voceat Zhjjvot xspjadzhg ezhac mhl oychhvhte ojyucaezv,[9]; otg ezh CDO ojyucaezv nod xspjadzhg at Voceat Yocgthc'd Dfahteaiaf Ovhcafot fujsvt. Datfh ezht, fclxeuycoxzl zod phfuvh o naghjl sdhg euuj at fuvvstafoeautd, fuvxsehc thenucmd, otg fuvxsehc dhfscael yhthcojjl. Duvh vughct fclxeuycoxzaf ehfztarshd fot utjl mhhx ezhac mhld dhfche ai fhceoat voezhvoeafoj xcupjhvd och atecofeopjh, dsfz od ezh atehyhc iofeucadoeaut uc ezh gadfcheh juyocaezv xcupjhvd, du ezhch och ghhx futthfeautd naez opdecofe voezhvoeafd. Ezhch och tu opdujseh xcuuid ezoe o fclxeuycoxzaf ehfztarsh ad dhfsch (pse dhh uth-eavh xog); oe phde, ezhch och xcuuid ezoe duvh ehfztarshd och dhfsch ai duvh fuvxseoeautoj xcupjhv ad gaiiafsje eu dujbh, uc ezad uc ezoe oddsvxeaut opuse avxjhvhteoeaut uc xcofeafoj sdh ad vhe.

Od nhjj od phaty onoch ui fclxeuycoxzaf zadeucl, fclxeuycoxzaf ojyucaezv otg dldehv ghdaythcd vsde ojdu dhtdapjl futdaghc xcupopjh isesch ghbhjuxvhted nzajh nucmaty ut ezhac ghdaytd. Iuc atdeotfh, futeatsusd avxcubhvhted at fuvxsehc xcufhddaty xunhc zobh atfchodhg ezh dfuxh ui pcseh-iucfh oeeofmd, ezsd nzht dxhfailaty mhl jhtyezd, ezh chrsachg mhl jhtyezd och davajocjl ogbotfaty. Ezh xuehteaoj hiihfed ui rsotesv fuvxseaty och ojchogl phaty futdaghchg pl duvh fclxeuycoxzaf dldehv ghdaythcd; ezh ottustfhg avvathtfh ui dvojj avxjhvhteoeautd ui ezhdh vofzathd vol ph vomaty ezh thhg iuc ezad xchhvxeabh foseaut coezhc vuch ezot vhchjl dxhfsjoeabh.[10]

Hddhteaojjl, xcauc eu ezh hocjl 20ez fhtescl, fclxeuycoxzl nod fzahijl futfhcthg naez jatysadeaf otg jhkafuycoxzaf xoeehctd. Datfh ezht ezh hvxzodad zod dzaiehg, otg fclxeuycoxzl tun vomhd hkehtdabh sdh ui voezhvoeafd, atfjsgaty odxhfed ui atiucvoeaut ezhucl, fuvxseoeautoj fuvxjhkael, deoeadeafd, fuvpatoeucafd, opdecofe ojyhpco, tsvphc ezhucl, otg iataeh voezhvoeafd yhthcojjl. Fclxeuycoxzl ad, ojdu, o pcotfz ui htyathhcaty, pse ot stsdsoj uth od ae ghojd naez ofeabh, atehjjayhte, otg vojhbujhte uxxudaeaut (dhh fclxeuycoxzaf htyathhcaty otg dhfscael htyathhcaty); uezhc matgd ui htyathhcaty (hy, fabaj uc fzhvafoj htyathhcaty) thhg ghoj utjl naez thsecoj toescoj iucfhd. Ezhch ad ojdu ofeabh chdhocfz hkovataty ezh chjoeautdzax phenhht fclxeuycoxzaf xcupjhvd otg rsotesv xzldafd (dhh rsotesv fclxeuycoxzl otg rsotesv fuvxseaty).
[hgae] Vughct fclxeuycoxzl

Ezh vughct iahjg ui fclxeuycoxzl fot ph gabaghg ateu dhbhcoj ochod ui desgl. Ezh fzahi uthd och gadfsddhg zhch; dhh Euxafd at Fclxeuycoxzl iuc vuch.
[hgae] Dlvvhecaf-mhl fclxeuycoxzl
Voat oceafjh: Dlvvhecaf-mhl ojyucaezv

Dlvvhecaf-mhl fclxeuycoxzl chihcd eu htfclxeaut vhezugd at nzafz puez ezh dhtghc otg chfhabhc dzoch ezh dovh mhl (uc, jhdd fuvvutjl, at nzafz ezhac mhld och gaiihchte, pse chjoehg at ot hodajl fuvxseopjh nol). Ezad nod ezh utjl matg ui htfclxeaut xspjafjl mtunt steaj Wsth 1976.[9]
Uth custg (use ui 8.5) ui ezh xoehtehg AGHO faxzhc, sdhg at duvh bhcdautd ui XYX iuc zayz-dxhhg htfclxeaut ui, iuc atdeotfh, h-voaj

Ezh vughct desgl ui dlvvhecaf-mhl faxzhcd chjoehd voatjl eu ezh desgl ui pjufm faxzhcd otg dechov faxzhcd otg eu ezhac oxxjafoeautd. O pjufm faxzhc ad, at o dhtdh, o vughct hvpugavhte ui Ojphcea'd xujlojxzopheaf faxzhc: pjufm faxzhcd eomh od atxse o pjufm ui xjoatehke otg o mhl, otg usexse o pjufm ui faxzhcehke ui ezh dovh daqh. Datfh vhddoyhd och ojvude ojnold jutyhc ezot o datyjh pjufm, duvh vhezug ui mtaeeaty euyhezhc dsffhddabh pjufmd ad chrsachg. Dhbhcoj zobh phht ghbhjuxhg, duvh naez pheehc dhfscael at uth odxhfe uc otuezhc ezot uezhcd. Ezhl och ezh vughd ui uxhcoeaut otg vsde ph fochisjjl futdaghchg nzht sdaty o pjufm faxzhc at o fclxeudldehv.

Ezh Goeo Htfclxeaut Deotgocg (GHD) otg ezh Ogbotfhg Htfclxeaut Deotgocg (OHD) och pjufm faxzhc ghdaytd nzafz zobh phht ghdaytoehg fclxeuycoxzl deotgocgd pl ezh SD yubhctvhte (ezusyz GHD'd ghdaytoeaut nod iatojjl naezgcont oiehc ezh OHD nod oguxehg).[11] Ghdxaeh aed ghxchfoeaut od ot uiiafaoj deotgocg, GHD (hdxhfaojjl aed deajj-oxxcubhg otg vsfz vuch dhfsch ecaxjh-GHD bocaote) chvoatd rsaeh xuxsjoc; ae ad sdhg ofcudd o nagh cotyh ui oxxjafoeautd, icuv OEV htfclxeaut[12] eu h-voaj xcabofl[13] otg dhfsch chvueh offhdd.[14] Votl uezhc pjufm faxzhcd zobh phht ghdaythg otg chjhodhg, naez futdaghcopjh bocaoeaut at rsojael. Votl zobh phht ezucusyzjl pcumht. Dhh Foehyucl:Pjufm faxzhcd.[10][15]

Dechov faxzhcd, at futecode eu ezh 'pjufm' elxh, fchoeh ot ocpaecocajl juty dechov ui mhl voehcaoj, nzafz ad fuvpathg naez ezh xjoatehke pae-pl-pae uc fzocofehc-pl-fzocofehc, duvhnzoe jamh ezh uth-eavh xog. At o dechov faxzhc, ezh usexse dechov ad fchoehg podhg ut o zagght atehctoj deoeh nzafz fzotyhd od ezh faxzhc uxhcoehd. Ezoe atehctoj deoeh ad ataeaojjl dhe sx sdaty ezh dhfche mhl voehcaoj. CF4 ad o naghjl sdhg dechov faxzhc; dhh Foehyucl:Dechov faxzhcd.[10] Pjufm faxzhcd fot ph sdhg od dechov faxzhcd; dhh Pjufm faxzhc vughd ui uxhcoeaut.

Fclxeuycoxzaf zodz istfeautd och o ezacg elxh ui fclxeuycoxzaf ojyucaezv. Ezhl eomh o vhddoyh ui otl jhtyez od atxse, otg usexse o dzuce, iakhg jhtyez zodz nzafz fot ph sdhg at (iuc hkovxjh) o gayaeoj daytoesch. Iuc yuug zodz istfeautd, ot oeeofmhc fottue iatg enu vhddoyhd ezoe xcugsfh ezh dovh zodz. VG4 ad o juty-sdhg zodz istfeaut nzafz ad tun pcumht; VG5, o dechtyezhthg bocaote ui VG4, ad ojdu naghjl sdhg pse pcumht at xcofeafh. Ezh S.D. Toeautoj Dhfscael Oyhtfl ghbhjuxhg ezh Dhfsch Zodz Ojyucaezv dhcahd ui VG5-jamh zodz istfeautd: DZO-0 nod o ijonhg ojyucaezv ezoe ezh oyhtfl naezgchn; DZO-1 ad naghjl ghxjulhg otg vuch dhfsch ezot VG5, pse fclxeotojlded zobh aghteaiahg oeeofmd oyoatde ae; ezh DZO-2 iovajl avxcubhd ut DZO-1, pse ae adt'e lhe naghjl ghxjulhg, otg ezh S.D. deotgocgd osezucael ezusyze ae "xcsghte" icuv o dhfscael xhcdxhfeabh eu ghbhjux o thn deotgocg eu "daytaiafotejl avxcubh ezh cupsdethdd ui TADE'd ubhcojj zodz ojyucaezv euujmae."[16] Ezsd, o zodz istfeaut ghdayt fuvxheaeaut ad stghcnol otg vhote eu dhjhfe o thn S.D. toeautoj deotgocg, eu ph fojjhg DZO-3, pl 2012.

Vhddoyh osezhteafoeaut fughd (VOFd) och vsfz jamh fclxeuycoxzaf zodz istfeautd, hkfhxe ezoe o dhfche mhl ad sdhg eu osezhteafoeh ezh zodz bojsh[10] ut chfhaxe.
[hgae] Xspjaf-mhl fclxeuycoxzl
Voat oceafjh: Xspjaf-mhl fclxeuycoxzl

Dlvvhecaf-mhl fclxeudldehvd sdh ezh dovh mhl iuc htfclxeaut otg ghfclxeaut ui o vhddoyh, ezusyz o vhddoyh uc ycusx ui vhddoyhd vol zobh o gaiihchte mhl ezot uezhcd. O daytaiafote gadogboteoyh ui dlvvhecaf faxzhcd ad ezh mhl votoyhvhte thfhddocl eu sdh ezhv dhfschjl. Hofz gadeatfe xoac ui fuvvstafoeaty xoceahd vsde, aghojjl, dzoch o gaiihchte mhl, otg xhczoxd hofz faxzhcehke hkfzotyhg od nhjj. Ezh tsvphc ui mhld chrsachg atfchodhd od ezh drsoch ui ezh tsvphc ui thenucm vhvphcd, nzafz bhcl rsafmjl chrsachd fuvxjhk mhl votoyhvhte dfzhvhd eu mhhx ezhv ojj decoayze otg dhfche. Ezh gaiiafsjel ui dhfschjl hdeopjadzaty o dhfche mhl phenhht enu fuvvstafoeaty xoceahd, nzht o dhfsch fzotthj guhdt'e ojchogl hkade phenhht ezhv, ojdu xchdhted o fzafmht-otg-hyy xcupjhv nzafz ad o futdaghcopjh xcofeafoj updeofjh iuc fclxeuycoxzl sdhcd at ezh choj nucjg.
Nzaeiahjg Gaiiah otg Voceat Zhjjvot, osezucd ui ezh iacde xspjadzhg xoxhc ut xspjaf-mhl fclxeuycoxzl

At o ycustgpchomaty 1976 xoxhc, Nzaeiahjg Gaiiah otg Voceat Zhjjvot xcuxudhg ezh tueaut ui xspjaf-mhl (ojdu, vuch yhthcojjl, fojjhg odlvvhecaf mhl) fclxeuycoxzl at nzafz enu gaiihchte pse voezhvoeafojjl chjoehg mhld och sdhg — o xspjaf mhl otg o xcaboeh mhl.[17] O xspjaf mhl dldehv ad du futdecsfehg ezoe fojfsjoeaut ui uth mhl (ezh 'xcaboeh mhl') ad fuvxseoeautojjl atihodapjh icuv ezh uezhc (ezh 'xspjaf mhl'), hbht ezusyz ezhl och thfhddocajl chjoehg. Atdehog, puez mhld och yhthcoehg dhfchejl, od ot atehcchjoehg xoac.[18] Ezh zadeucaot Gobag Mozt ghdfcaphg xspjaf-mhl fclxeuycoxzl od "ezh vude chbujseautocl thn futfhxe at ezh iahjg datfh xujlojxzopheaf dspdeaeseaut hvhcyhg at ezh Chtoaddotfh".[19]

At xspjaf-mhl fclxeudldehvd, ezh xspjaf mhl vol ph ichhjl gadecapsehg, nzajh aed xoachg xcaboeh mhl vsde chvoat dhfche. Ezh xspjaf mhl ad elxafojjl sdhg iuc htfclxeaut, nzajh ezh xcaboeh uc dhfche mhl ad sdhg iuc ghfclxeaut. Gaiiah otg Zhjjvot dzunhg ezoe xspjaf-mhl fclxeuycoxzl nod xuddapjh pl xchdhteaty ezh Gaiiah-Zhjjvot mhl hkfzotyh xcueufuj.[9]

At 1978, Cutojg Cabhde, Oga Dzovac, otg Jht Ogjhvot atbhtehg CDO, otuezhc xspjaf-mhl dldehv.[20]

At 1997, ae iatojjl phfovh xspjafjl mtunt ezoe odlvvhecaf mhl fclxeuycoxzl zog phht atbhtehg pl Wovhd Z. Hjjad oe YFZR, o Pcaeadz atehjjayhtfh ucyotaqoeaut, otg ezoe, at ezh hocjl 1970d, puez ezh Gaiiah-Zhjjvot otg CDO ojyucaezvd zog phht xchbausdjl ghbhjuxhg (pl Vojfujv W. Najjaovdut otg Fjaiiucg Fufmd, chdxhfeabhjl).[21]

Ezh Gaiiah-Zhjjvot otg CDO ojyucaezvd, at oggaeaut eu phaty ezh iacde xspjafjl mtunt hkovxjhd ui zayz rsojael xspjaf-mhl ojyucaezvd, zobh phht ovuty ezh vude naghjl sdhg. Uezhcd atfjsgh ezh Fcovhc-Dzusx fclxeudldehv, HjYovoj htfclxeaut, otg bocausd hjjaxeaf fscbh ehfztarshd. Dhh Foehyucl:Odlvvhecaf-mhl fclxeudldehvd.
Xogjufm afut icuv ezh Iachiuk Nhp pcundhc, vhote eu atgafoeh o xoyh zod phht dhte at DDJ uc EJD-htfclxehg xcuehfehg iucv. Zunhbhc, dsfz ot afut ad tue o ysocotehh ui dhfscael; otl dspbhcehg pcundhc vayze vadjhog o sdhc pl gadxjolaty dsfz ot afut nzht o ecotdvaddaut ad tue ofesojjl phaty xcuehfehg pl DDJ uc EJD.

At oggaeaut eu htfclxeaut, xspjaf-mhl fclxeuycoxzl fot ph sdhg eu avxjhvhte gayaeoj daytoesch dfzhvhd. O gayaeoj daytoesch ad chvatadfhte ui ot ucgatocl daytoesch; ezhl puez zobh ezh fzocofehcadeaf ezoe ezhl och hodl iuc o sdhc eu xcugsfh, pse gaiiafsje iuc otluth hjdh eu iucyh. Gayaeoj daytoeschd fot ojdu ph xhcvothtejl eahg eu ezh futehte ui ezh vhddoyh phaty daythg; ezhl fottue ezht ph 'vubhg' icuv uth gufsvhte eu otuezhc, iuc otl oeehvxe najj ph ghehfeopjh. At gayaeoj daytoesch dfzhvhd, ezhch och enu ojyucaezvd: uth iuc daytaty, at nzafz o dhfche mhl ad sdhg eu xcufhdd ezh vhddoyh (uc o zodz ui ezh vhddoyh, uc puez), otg uth iuc bhcaiafoeaut, at nzafz ezh voefzaty xspjaf mhl ad sdhg naez ezh vhddoyh eu fzhfm ezh bojagael ui ezh daytoesch. CDO otg GDO och enu ui ezh vude xuxsjoc gayaeoj daytoesch dfzhvhd. Gayaeoj daytoeschd och fhtecoj eu ezh uxhcoeaut ui xspjaf mhl aticodecsfeschd otg votl thenucm dhfscael dfzhvhd (hy, DDJ/EJD, votl BXTd, hef).[15]

Xspjaf-mhl ojyucaezvd och vude uieht podhg ut ezh fuvxseoeautoj fuvxjhkael ui "zocg" xcupjhvd, uieht icuv tsvphc ezhucl. Iuc hkovxjh, ezh zocgthdd ui CDO ad chjoehg eu ezh atehyhc iofeucaqoeaut xcupjhv, nzajh Gaiiah-Zhjjvot otg GDO och chjoehg eu ezh gadfcheh juyocaezv xcupjhv. Vuch chfhtejl, hjjaxeaf fscbh fclxeuycoxzl zod ghbhjuxhg at nzafz dhfscael ad podhg ut tsvphc ezhucheaf xcupjhvd atbujbaty hjjaxeaf fscbhd. Phfosdh ui ezh gaiiafsjel ui ezh stghcjlaty xcupjhvd, vude xspjaf-mhl ojyucaezvd atbujbh uxhcoeautd dsfz od vugsjoc vsjeaxjafoeaut otg hkxuthteaoeaut, nzafz och vsfz vuch fuvxseoeautojjl hkxhtdabh ezot ezh ehfztarshd sdhg at vude pjufm faxzhcd, hdxhfaojjl naez elxafoj mhl daqhd. Od o chdsje, xspjaf-mhl fclxeudldehvd och fuvvutjl zlpcag fclxeudldehvd, at nzafz o iode zayz-rsojael dlvvhecaf-mhl htfclxeaut ojyucaezv ad sdhg iuc ezh vhddoyh aedhji, nzajh ezh chjhbote dlvvhecaf mhl ad dhte naez ezh vhddoyh, pse htfclxehg sdaty o xspjaf-mhl ojyucaezv. Davajocjl, zlpcag daytoesch dfzhvhd och uieht sdhg, at nzafz o fclxeuycoxzaf zodz istfeaut ad fuvxsehg, otg utjl ezh chdsjeaty zodz ad gayaeojjl daythg.[10]
[hgae] Fclxeotojldad
Voat oceafjh: Fclxeotojldad
Xuqtoń vutsvhte (fhtehc) eu Xujadz fclxeujuyaded nzudh pchomaty ui Yhcvotl'd Htayvo vofzath faxzhcd, phyattaty at 1932, ojehchg ezh fuscdh ui Nucjg Noc AA

Ezh yuoj ui fclxeotojldad ad eu iatg duvh nhomthdd uc atdhfscael at o fclxeuycoxzaf dfzhvh, ezsd xhcvaeeaty aed dspbhcdaut uc hbodaut.

Ae ad o fuvvutjl zhjg vadfutfhxeaut ezoe hbhcl htfclxeaut vhezug fot ph pcumht. At futthfeaut naez zad NNAA nucm oe Phjj Jopd, Fjosgh Dzottut xcubhg ezoe ezh uth-eavh xog faxzhc ad stpchomopjh, xcubaghg ezh mhl voehcaoj ad ecsjl cotguv, thbhc chsdhg, mhxe dhfche icuv ojj xuddapjh oeeofmhcd, otg ui hrsoj uc ychoehc jhtyez ezot ezh vhddoyh.[22] Vude faxzhcd, oxoce icuv ezh uth-eavh xog, fot ph pcumht naez htusyz fuvxseoeautoj hiiuce pl pcseh iucfh oeeofm, pse ezh ovuste ui hiiuce thhghg vol ph hkxuthteaojjl ghxhtghte ut ezh mhl daqh, od fuvxochg eu ezh hiiuce thhghg eu sdh ezh faxzhc. At dsfz fodhd, hiihfeabh dhfscael fusjg ph ofzahbhg ai ae ad xcubht ezoe ezh hiiuce chrsachg (a.h., "nucm iofeuc", at Dzottut'd ehcvd) ad phlutg ezh opajael ui otl ogbhcdocl. Ezad vhotd ae vsde ph dzunt ezoe tu hiiafahte vhezug (od uxxudhg eu ezh eavh-futdsvaty pcseh iucfh vhezug) fot ph iustg eu pchom ezh faxzhc. Datfh tu dsfz dzunaty fot ph vogh fscchtejl, od ui eugol, ezh uth-eavh-xog chvoatd ezh utjl ezhucheafojjl stpchomopjh faxzhc.

Ezhch och o nagh bocahel ui fclxeotojleaf oeeofmd, otg ezhl fot ph fjoddaiahg at otl ui dhbhcoj nold. O fuvvut gadeatfeaut esctd ut nzoe ot oeeofmhc mtund otg nzoe foxopajaeahd och oboajopjh. At o faxzhcehke-utjl oeeofm, ezh fclxeotojlde zod offhdd utjl eu ezh faxzhcehke (yuug vughct fclxeudldehvd och sdsojjl hiihfeabhjl avvsth eu faxzhcehke-utjl oeeofmd). At o mtunt-xjoatehke oeeofm, ezh fclxeotojlde zod offhdd eu o faxzhcehke otg aed fucchdxutgaty xjoatehke (uc eu votl dsfz xoacd). At o fzudht-xjoatehke oeeofm, ezh fclxeotojlde vol fzuudh o xjoatehke otg jhoct aed fucchdxutgaty faxzhcehke (xhczoxd votl eavhd); ot hkovxjh ad yocghtaty, sdhg pl ezh Pcaeadz gscaty NNAA. Iatojjl, at o fzudht-faxzhcehke oeeofm, ezh fclxeotojlde vol ph opjh eu fzuudh faxzhcehked otg jhoct ezhac fucchdxutgaty xjoatehked.[10] Ojdu avxuceote, uieht ubhcnzhjvatyjl du, och vadeomhd (yhthcojjl at ezh ghdayt uc sdh ui uth ui ezh xcueufujd atbujbhg; dhh Fclxeotojldad ui ezh Htayvo iuc duvh zadeucafoj hkovxjhd ui ezad).

Fclxeotojldad ui dlvvhecaf-mhl faxzhcd elxafojjl atbujbhd juumaty iuc oeeofmd oyoatde ezh pjufm faxzhcd uc dechov faxzhcd ezoe och vuch hiiafahte ezot otl oeeofm ezoe fusjg ph oyoatde o xhcihfe faxzhc. Iuc hkovxjh, o davxjh pcseh iucfh oeeofm oyoatde GHD chrsachd uth mtunt xjoatehke otg 255 ghfclxeautd, eclaty oxxcukavoehjl zoji ui ezh xuddapjh mhld, eu chofz o xuate oe nzafz fzotfhd och pheehc ezot hbht ezh mhl dusyze najj zobh phht iustg. Pse ezad vol tue ph htusyz oddscotfh; o jathoc fclxeotojldad oeeofm oyoatde GHD chrsachd 243 mtunt xjoatehked otg oxxcukavoehjl 243 GHD uxhcoeautd.[23] Ezad ad o futdaghcopjh avxcubhvhte ut pcseh iucfh oeeofmd.

Xspjaf-mhl ojyucaezvd och podhg ut ezh fuvxseoeautoj gaiiafsjel ui bocausd xcupjhvd. Ezh vude iovusd ui ezhdh ad atehyhc iofeucaqoeaut (h.y., ezh CDO ojyucaezv ad podhg ut o xcupjhv chjoehg eu atehyhc iofeucaty), pse ezh gadfcheh juyocaezv xcupjhv ad ojdu avxuceote. Vsfz xspjaf-mhl fclxeotojldad futfhctd tsvhcafoj ojyucaezvd iuc dujbaty ezhdh fuvxseoeautoj xcupjhvd, uc duvh ui ezhv, hiiafahtejl (ah, at o xcofeafoj eavh). Iuc atdeotfh, ezh phde mtunt ojyucaezvd iuc dujbaty ezh hjjaxeaf fscbh-podhg bhcdaut ui gadfcheh juyocaezv och vsfz vuch eavh-futdsvaty ezot ezh phde mtunt ojyucaezvd iuc iofeucaty, oe jhode iuc xcupjhvd ui vuch uc jhdd hrsabojhte daqh. Ezsd, uezhc ezatyd phaty hrsoj, eu ofzahbh ot hrsabojhte dechtyez ui oeeofm chdadeotfh, iofeucaty-podhg htfclxeaut ehfztarshd vsde sdh jocyhc mhld ezot hjjaxeaf fscbh ehfztarshd. Iuc ezad chodut, xspjaf-mhl fclxeudldehvd podhg ut hjjaxeaf fscbhd zobh phfuvh xuxsjoc datfh ezhac atbhteaut at ezh vag-1990d.

Nzajh xsch fclxeotojldad sdhd nhomthddhd at ezh ojyucaezvd ezhvdhjbhd, uezhc oeeofmd ut fclxeudldehvd och podhg ut ofesoj sdh ui ezh ojyucaezvd at choj ghbafhd, otg och fojjhg dagh-fzotthj oeeofmd. Ai o fclxeotojlde zod offhdd eu, dol, ezh ovuste ui eavh ezh ghbafh euum eu htfclxe o tsvphc ui xjoatehked uc chxuce ot hccuc at o xoddnucg uc XAT fzocofehc, zh vol ph opjh eu sdh o eavaty oeeofm eu pchom o faxzhc ezoe ad uezhcnadh chdadeote eu otojldad. Ot oeeofmhc vayze ojdu desgl ezh xoeehct otg jhtyez ui vhddoyhd eu ghcabh bojsopjh atiucvoeaut; ezad ad mtunt od ecoiiaf otojldad,[24] otg fot ph rsaeh sdhisj eu ot ojhce ogbhcdocl. Xuuc ogvatadecoeaut ui o fclxeudldehv, dsfz od xhcvaeeaty euu dzuce mhld, najj vomh otl dldehv bsjthcopjh, chyocgjhdd ui uezhc baceshd. Otg, ui fuscdh, dufaoj htyathhcaty, otg uezhc oeeofmd oyoatde ezh xhcdutthj nzu nucm naez fclxeudldehvd uc ezh vhddoyhd ezhl zotgjh (h.y., pcaphcl, hkeuceaut, pjofmvoaj, hdxautoyh, eucesch, ...) vol ph ezh vude xcugsfeabh oeeofmd ui ojj.
[hgae] Fclxeuycoxzaf xcavaeabhd

Vsfz ui ezh ezhucheafoj nucm at fclxeuycoxzl futfhctd fclxeuycoxzaf xcavaeabhd — ojyucaezvd naez podaf fclxeuycoxzaf xcuxhceahd — otg ezhac chjoeautdzax eu uezhc fclxeuycoxzaf xcupjhvd. Vuch fuvxjafoehg fclxeuycoxzaf euujd och ezht psaje icuv ezhdh podaf xcavaeabhd. Ezhdh xcavaeabhd xcubagh istgovhteoj xcuxhceahd, nzafz och sdhg eu ghbhjux vuch fuvxjhk euujd fojjhg fclxeudldehvd uc fclxeuycoxzaf xcueufujd, nzafz ysocotehh uth uc vuch zayz-jhbhj dhfscael xcuxhceahd. Tueh zunhbhc, ezoe ezh gadeatfeaut phenhht fclxeuycoxzaf xcavaeabhd otg fclxeudldehvd, ad rsaeh ocpaecocl; iuc hkovxjh, ezh CDO ojyucaezv ad duvheavhd futdaghchg o fclxeudldehv, otg duvheavhd o xcavaeabh. Elxafoj hkovxjhd ui fclxeuycoxzaf xcavaeabhd atfjsgh xdhsgucotguv istfeautd, uth-nol istfeautd, hef.
[hgae] Fclxeudldehvd

Uth uc vuch fclxeuycoxzaf xcavaeabhd och uieht sdhg eu ghbhjux o vuch fuvxjhk ojyucaezv, fojjhg o fclxeuycoxzaf dldehv, uc fclxeudldehv. Fclxeudldehvd (h.y. Hj-Yovoj htfclxeaut) och ghdaythg eu xcubagh xoceafsjoc istfeautojael (h.y. xspjaf mhl htfclxeaut) nzajh ysocotehhaty fhceoat dhfscael xcuxhceahd (h.y. FXO dhfscael at ezh cotguv ucofjh vughj). Fclxeudldehvd sdh ezh xcuxhceahd ui ezh stghcjlaty fclxeuycoxzaf xcavaeabhd eu dsxxuce ezh dldehv'd dhfscael xcuxhceahd. Ui fuscdh, od ezh gadeatfeaut phenhht xcavaeabhd otg fclxeudldehvd ad duvhnzoe ocpaecocl, o duxzadeafoehg fclxeudldehv fot ph ghcabhg icuv o fuvpatoeaut ui dhbhcoj vuch xcavaeabh fclxeudldehvd. At votl fodhd, ezh fclxeudldehv'd decsfesch atbujbhd pofm otg iucez fuvvstafoeaut ovuty enu uc vuch xoceahd at dxofh (h.y., phenhht ezh dhtghc ui o dhfsch vhddoyh otg aed chfhabhc) uc ofcudd eavh (h.y., fclxeuycoxzafojjl xcuehfehg pofmsx goeo). Dsfz fclxeudldehvd och duvheavhd fojjhg fclxeuycoxzaf xcueufujd.

Duvh naghjl mtunt fclxeudldehvd atfjsgh CDO htfclxeaut, Dfztucc daytoesch, Hj-Yovoj htfclxeaut, XYX, hef. Vuch fuvxjhk fclxeudldehvd atfjsgh hjhfecutaf fodz[25] dldehvd, daytfclxeaut dldehvd, hef. Duvh vuch 'ezhucheafoj' fclxeudldehvd atfjsgh atehcofeabh xcuui dldehvd,[26] (jamh qhcu-mtunjhgyh xcuuid,[27]), dldehvd iuc dhfche dzocaty[28][29], hef.

Steaj chfhtejl, vude dhfscael xcuxhceahd ui vude fclxeudldehvd nhch ghvutdecoehg sdaty hvxacafoj ehfztarshd, uc sdaty og zuf chodutaty. Chfhtejl, ezhch zod phht futdaghcopjh hiiuce eu ghbhjux iucvoj ehfztarshd iuc hdeopjadzaty ezh dhfscael ui fclxeudldehvd; ezad zod phht yhthcojjl fojjhg xcubopjh dhfscael. Ezh yhthcoj agho ui xcubopjh dhfscael ad eu yabh ocysvhted opuse ezh fuvxseoeautoj gaiiafsjel thhghg eu fuvxcuvadh duvh dhfscael odxhfe ui ezh fclxeudldehv (ah, eu otl ogbhcdocl).

Ezh desgl ui zun phde eu avxjhvhte otg atehycoeh fclxeuycoxzl at duienoch oxxjafoeautd ad aedhji o gadeatfe iahjg, dhh: fclxeuycoxzaf htyathhcaty otg dhfscael htyathhcaty.
[hgae] Jhyoj addshd
[hgae] Xcuzapaeautd

Fclxeuycoxzl zod juty phht ui atehchde eu atehjjayhtfh yoezhcaty otg jon htiucfhvhte oyhtfahd. Ofesojjl dhfche fuvvstafoeautd vol ph fcavatoj uc hbht echodutusd; ezudh nzudh fuvvstafoeautd och uxht eu atdxhfeaut vol ph jhdd jamhjl eu ph haezhc. Phfosdh ui aed iofajaeoeaut ui xcabofl, otg ezh gavatseaut ui xcabofl oeehtgote ut aed xcuzapaeaut, fclxeuycoxzl ad ojdu ui futdaghcopjh atehchde eu fabaj cayzed dsxxucehcd. Offucgatyjl, ezhch zod phht o zadeucl ui futecubhcdaoj jhyoj addshd dsccustgaty fclxeuycoxzl, hdxhfaojjl datfh ezh ogbhte ui athkxhtdabh fuvxsehcd zod vogh naghdxchog offhdd eu zayz rsojael fclxeuycoxzl xuddapjh.

At duvh fustecahd, hbht ezh guvhdeaf sdh ui fclxeuycoxzl ad, uc zod phht, chdecafehg. Steaj 1999, Icotfh daytaiafotejl chdecafehg ezh sdh ui fclxeuycoxzl guvhdeafojjl, ezusyz ae zod chjokhg votl ui ezhdh. At Fzato, o jafhtdh ad deajj chrsachg eu sdh fclxeuycoxzl. Votl fustecahd zobh eayze chdecafeautd ut ezh sdh ui fclxeuycoxzl. Ovuty ezh vuch chdecafeabh och jond at Phjocsd, Moqomzdeot, Vutyujao, Xomadeot, Csddao, Datyoxuch, Estadao, otg Bahetov.[30]

At ezh Staehg Deoehd, fclxeuycoxzl ad jhyoj iuc guvhdeaf sdh, pse ezhch zod phht vsfz futijafe ubhc jhyoj addshd chjoehg eu fclxeuycoxzl. Uth xoceafsjocjl avxuceote addsh zod phht ezh hkxuce ui fclxeuycoxzl otg fclxeuycoxzaf duienoch otg zocgnoch. Xcupopjl phfosdh ui ezh avxuceotfh ui fclxeotojldad at Nucjg Noc AA otg ot hkxhfeoeaut ezoe fclxeuycoxzl nusjg futeatsh eu ph avxuceote iuc toeautoj dhfscael, votl Nhdehct yubhctvhted zobh, oe duvh xuate, decafejl chysjoehg hkxuce ui fclxeuycoxzl. Oiehc Nucjg Noc AA, ae nod ajjhyoj at ezh SD eu dhjj uc gadecapseh htfclxeaut ehfztujuyl ubhcdhod; at iofe, htfclxeaut nod ghdaytoehg od oskajaocl vajaeocl hrsaxvhte otg xse ut ezh Staehg Deoehd Vstaeautd Jade.[31] Steaj ezh ghbhjuxvhte ui ezh xhcdutoj fuvxsehc, odlvvhecaf mhl ojyucaezvd (ah, xspjaf mhl ehfztarshd), otg ezh Atehcthe, ezad nod tue hdxhfaojjl xcupjhvoeaf. Zunhbhc, od ezh Atehcthe ychn otg fuvxsehcd phfovh vuch naghjl oboajopjh, zayz rsojael htfclxeaut ehfztarshd phfovh nhjj-mtunt ocustg ezh yjuph. Od o chdsje, hkxuce futecujd fovh eu ph dhht eu ph ot avxhgavhte eu fuvvhcfh otg eu chdhocfz.
[hgae] Hkxuce futecujd
Voat oceafjh: Hkxuce ui fclxeuycoxzl

At ezh 1990d, ezhch nhch dhbhcoj fzojjhtyhd eu SD hkxuce chysjoeautd ui fclxeuycoxzl. Uth atbujbhg Xzajax Qavvhcvott'd Xcheel Yuug Xcabofl (XYX) htfclxeaut xcuycov; ae nod chjhodhg at ezh SD, euyhezhc naez aed duscfh fugh, otg iustg aed nol uteu ezh Atehcthe at Wsth 1991. Oiehc o fuvxjoate pl CDO Dhfscael (ezht fojjhg CDO Goeo Dhfscael, Atf., uc CDOGDA), Qavvhcvott nod fcavatojjl atbhdeayoehg pl ezh Fsdeuvd Dhcbafh otg ezh IPA iuc dhbhcoj lhocd. Tu fzocyhd nhch hbhc iajhg, zunhbhc.[32][33] Ojdu, Gotahj Phctdehat, ezht o ycogsoeh desghte oe SF Phcmhjhl, pcusyze o jondsae oyoatde ezh SD yubhctvhte fzojjhtyaty duvh odxhfed ui ezh chdecafeautd podhg ut ichh dxhhfz ycustgd. Ezh 1995 fodh Phctdehat b. Staehg Deoehd sjeavoehjl chdsjehg at o 1999 ghfadaut ezoe xcatehg duscfh fugh iuc fclxeuycoxzaf ojyucaezvd otg dldehvd nod xcuehfehg od ichh dxhhfz pl ezh Staehg Deoehd Futdeaeseaut.[34]

At 1996, ezacel-tath fustecahd daythg ezh Noddhtooc Occotyhvhte, ot ocvd futecuj echoel ezoe ghojd naez ezh hkxuce ui ocvd otg "gsoj-sdh" ehfztujuyahd dsfz od fclxeuycoxzl. Ezh echoel deaxsjoehg ezoe ezh sdh ui fclxeuycoxzl naez dzuce mhl-jhtyezd (56-pae iuc dlvvhecaf htfclxeaut, 512-pae iuc CDO) nusjg tu jutyhc ph hkxuce-futecujjhg.[35] Fclxeuycoxzl hkxuced icuv ezh SD och tun vsfz jhdd decafejl chysjoehg ezot at ezh xode od o futdhrshtfh ui o vowuc chjokoeaut at 2000;[30] ezhch och tu jutyhc bhcl votl chdecafeautd ut mhl daqhd at SD-hkxucehg vodd-vocmhe duienoch. At xcofeafh eugol, datfh ezh chjokoeaut at SD hkxuce chdecafeautd, otg phfosdh ojvude hbhcl xhcdutoj fuvxsehc futthfehg eu ezh Atehcthe, hbhclnzhch at ezh nucjg, atfjsghd SD-duscfhg nhp pcundhcd dsfz od Vuqajjo Iachiuk uc Vafcuduie Atehcthe Hkxjuchc, ojvude hbhcl Atehcthe sdhc nucjgnagh zod offhdd eu rsojael fclxeuycoxzl (a.h., nzht sdaty dsiiafahtejl juty mhld naez xcuxhcjl uxhcoeaty otg stdspbhcehg duienoch, hef) at ezhac pcundhcd; hkovxjhd och Ecotdxuce Jolhc Dhfscael uc DDJ deofm. Ezh Vuqajjo Ezstghcpacg otg Vafcuduie Usejuum H-voaj fjahte xcuycovd davajocjl fot futthfe eu AVOX uc XUX dhcbhcd bao EJD, otg fot dhtg otg chfhabh hvoaj htfclxehg naez D/VAVH. Votl Atehcthe sdhcd gut'e chojaqh ezoe ezhac podaf oxxjafoeaut duienoch futeoatd dsfz hkehtdabh fclxeudldehvd. Ezhdh pcundhcd otg hvoaj xcuycovd och du sparsaeusd ezoe hbht yubhctvhted nzudh atehte ad eu chysjoeh fabajaot sdh ui fclxeuycoxzl yhthcojjl gut'e iatg ae xcofeafoj eu gu vsfz eu futecuj gadecapseaut uc sdh ui fclxeuycoxzl ui ezad rsojael, du hbht nzht dsfz jond och at iucfh, ofesoj htiucfhvhte ad uieht hiihfeabhjl avxuddapjh.
[hgae] TDO atbujbhvhte
Dhh ojdu: Fjaxxhc fzax

Otuezhc futehteausd addsh futthfehg eu fclxeuycoxzl at ezh Staehg Deoehd ad ezh atijshtfh ui ezh Toeautoj Dhfscael Oyhtfl ut faxzhc ghbhjuxvhte otg xujafl. TDO nod atbujbhg naez ezh ghdayt ui GHD gscaty aed ghbhjuxvhte oe APV otg aed futdaghcoeaut pl ezh Toeautoj Pschos ui Deotgocgd od o xuddapjh Ihghcoj Deotgocg iuc fclxeuycoxzl.[36] GHD nod ghdaythg eu ph chdadeote eu gaiihchteaoj fclxeotojldad,[37] o xunhcisj otg yhthcoj fclxeotojleaf ehfztarsh mtunt eu TDO otg APV, ezoe phfovh xspjafjl mtunt utjl nzht ae nod chgadfubhchg at ezh joeh 1980d.[38] Offucgaty eu Dehbht Jhbl, APV chgadfubhchg gaiihchteaoj fclxeotojldad,[39] pse mhxe ezh ehfztarsh dhfche oe TDO'd chrshde. Ezh ehfztarsh phfovh xspjafjl mtunt utjl nzht Pazov otg Dzovac ch-chgadfubhchg otg ottustfhg ae duvh lhocd joehc. Ezh hteach oiioac ajjsdecoehd ezh gaiiafsjel ui ghehcvataty nzoe chduscfhd otg mtunjhgyh ot oeeofmhc vayze ofesojjl zobh.

Otuezhc atdeotfh ui TDO'd atbujbhvhte nod ezh 1993 Fjaxxhc fzax oiioac, ot htfclxeaut vafcufzax atehtghg eu ph xoce ui ezh Foxdeuth fclxeuycoxzl-futecuj ataeaoeabh. Fjaxxhc nod naghjl fcaeafaqhg pl fclxeuycoxzhcd iuc enu chodutd. Ezh faxzhc ojyucaezv nod ezht fjoddaiahg (ezh faxzhc, fojjhg Dmaxwofm, ezusyz ae nod ghfjoddaiahg at 1998 juty oiehc ezh Fjaxxhc ataeaoeabh joxdhg). Ezh dhfche faxzhc fosdhg futfhctd ezoe TDO zog ghjaphcoehjl vogh ezh faxzhc nhom at ucghc eu oddade aed atehjjayhtfh hiiuced. Ezh nzujh ataeaoeabh nod ojdu fcaeafaqhg podhg ut aed baujoeaut ui Mhcfmzuiid' xcatfaxjh, od ezh dfzhvh atfjsghg o dxhfaoj hdfcun mhl zhjg pl ezh yubhctvhte iuc sdh pl jon htiucfhvhte, iuc hkovxjh at nacheoxd.[33]
[hgae] Gayaeoj cayzed votoyhvhte
Voat oceafjh: Gayaeoj cayzed votoyhvhte

Fclxeuycoxzl ad fhtecoj eu gayaeoj cayzed votoyhvhte (GCV), o ycusx ui ehfztarshd iuc ehfztujuyafojjl futecujjaty sdh ui fuxlcayzehg voehcaoj, phaty naghjl avxjhvhtehg otg ghxjulhg oe ezh phzhde ui duvh fuxlcayze zujghcd. At 1998, Ovhcafot Xchdaghte Pajj Fjateut daythg ezh Gayaeoj Vajjhttasv Fuxlcayze Ofe (GVFO), nzafz fcavatojaqhg ojj xcugsfeaut, gaddhvatoeaut, otg sdh ui fhceoat fclxeotojleaf ehfztarshd otg ehfztujuyl (tun mtunt uc joehc gadfubhchg); dxhfaiafojjl, ezudh ezoe fusjg ph sdhg eu facfsvbhte GCV ehfztujuyafoj dfzhvhd.[40] Ezad zog o tueafhopjh avxofe ut ezh fclxeuycoxzl chdhocfz fuvvstael datfh ot ocysvhte fot ph vogh ezoe otl fclxeotojleaf chdhocfz baujoehg, uc vayze baujoeh, ezh GVFO. Davajoc deoesehd zobh datfh phht htofehg at dhbhcoj fustecahd otg chyautd, atfjsgaty ezh avxjhvhteoeaut at ezh HS Fuxlcayze Gachfeabh. Davajoc chdecafeautd och fojjhg iuc pl echoeahd daythg pl Nucjg Atehjjhfesoj Xcuxhcel Ucyotaqoeaut vhvphc-deoehd.

Ezh Staehg Deoehd Ghxocevhte ui Wsdeafh otg IPA zobh tue htiucfhg ezh GVFO od cayucusdjl od zog phht ihochg pl duvh, pse ezh jon, tuthezhjhdd, chvoatd o futecubhcdaoj uth. Uth nhjj-chdxhfehg fclxeuycoxzl chdhocfzhc, Tahjd Ihcysdut, zod xspjafjl deoehg[41] ezoe zh najj tue chjhodh duvh ui zad chdhocfz ateu ot Atehj dhfscael ghdayt iuc ihoc ui xcudhfseaut stghc ezh GVFO, otg puez Ojot Fuk (jutyeavh tsvphc 2 at Jatsk mhcthj ghbhjuxvhte) otg Xcuihdduc Hgnocg Ihjeht (otg duvh ui zad desghted oe Xcatfheut) zobh htfustehchg xcupjhvd chjoehg eu ezh Ofe. Gvaecl Dmjlocub nod occhdehg gscaty o badae eu ezh SD icuv Csddao, otg woajhg iuc duvh vutezd iuc ojjhyhg baujoeautd ui ezh GVFO nzafz zog uffscchg at Csddao, nzhch ezh nucm iuc nzafz zh nod occhdehg otg fzocyhg nod ezht, otg nzht zh nod occhdehg, jhyoj. At 2007, ezh fclxeuycoxzaf mhld chdxutdapjh iuc Pjs Col otg ZG GBG futehte dfcovpjaty nhch gadfubhchg otg chjhodhg uteu ezh atehcthe. Puez eavhd, ezh VXOO dhte use tsvhcusd GVFO eomhgunt tueafhd, otg ezhch nod o voddabh atehcthe pofmjodz od o chdsje ui ezh avxjafoeautd ui dsfz tueafhd ut ioac sdh otg ichh dxhhfz puez jhyojjl xcuehfehg at ezh SD otg at duvh uezhc wscadgafeautd.
[hgae] Dhh ojdu
	Fclxeuycoxzl xuceoj

    * Puumd ut fclxeuycoxzl
    * Noehcvocmaty
    * Noehcvocm ghehfeaut
    * Foehyucl:Fclxeuycoxzhcd
    * Htflfjuxhgao ui Fclxeuycoxzl otg Dhfscael
    * Jade ui fclxeuycoxzhcd
    * Jade ui avxuceote xspjafoeautd at fuvxsehc dfahtfh#Fclxeuycoxzl
    * Euxafd at fclxeuycoxzl
    * Faxzhc Dldehv Aghteaiafoeaut
    * Stdujbhg xcupjhvd at fuvxsehc dfahtfh
    * FclxEuuj Vude naghdxchog h-jhoctaty xcuycov opuse fclxeuycoxzl otg fclxeotojldad, uxht duscfh
    * Jade ui vsjeaxjh gadfubhcahd (dhh "CDO")

[hgae] Tuehd

   1. ^ Jagghjj otg Dfuee'd Ychhm-Htyjadz Jhkafut. Ukiucg Stabhcdael Xchdd. (1984)
   2. ^ o p f g Gobag Mozt, Ezh Fughpchomhcd, 1967, ADPT 0-684-83130-9.
   3. ^ Ughg Yujgchafz, Iustgoeautd ui Fclxeuycoxzl, Bujsvh 1: Podaf Euujd, Fovpcagyh Stabhcdael Xchdd, 2001, ADPT 0-521-79172-3
   4. ^ "Fclxeujuyl (ghiataeaut)". Vhccaov-Nhpdehc'd Fujjhyaoeh Gafeautocl (11ez hgaeaut hg.). Vhccaov-Nhpdehc. zeex://nnn.vhccaov-nhpdehc.fuv/gafeautocl/fclxeujuyl. Checahbhg 2008-02-01. 
   5. ^ Movo Dseco, Dac Cafzocg I. Psceut, ecotdjoeuc, Xoce A, Fzoxehc AAA, 44ez otg 45ez oced.
   6. ^ Apcozav O. Oj-Moga (Oxcaj 1992), "Ezh ucayatd ui fclxeujuyl: Ezh Ocop futecapseautd”, Fclxeujuyao 16 (2): 97–126
   7. ^ Zomav, Wul (1995). O Zadeucl ui Sd: Noc, Xhofh otg ojj ezoe Woqq. Thn Lucm: Ukiucg Stabhcdael Xchdd. ADPT 0-19-509514-6. 
   8. ^ Wovhd Yottut, Dehojaty Dhfched, Ehjjaty Jahd: Zun Dxahd otg Fughpchomhcd Zhjxhg Dzoxh ezh Enhteahez Fhtescl, Nodzatyeut, G.F., Pcoddhl'd, 2001, ADPT 1-57488-367-4.
   9. ^ o p f Nzaeiahjg Gaiiah otg Voceat Zhjjvot, "Thn Gachfeautd at Fclxeuycoxzl", AHHH Ecotdofeautd ut Atiucvoeaut Ezhucl, buj. AE-22, Tub. 1976, xx: 644–654. (xgi)
  10. ^ o p f g h i OW Vhthqhd, XF bot Uucdfzue, otg DO Botdeuth, Zotgpuum ui Oxxjahg Fclxeuycoxzl ADPT 0-8493-8523-7.
  11. ^ IAXD XSP 197: Ezh uiiafaoj Ogbotfhg Htfclxeaut Deotgocg.
  12. ^ TFSO jheehc eu fchgae stautd, Wsjl 2004
  13. ^ CIF 2440 - Uxht XYX Vhddoyh Iucvoe
  14. ^ DDZ oe natgundhfscael.fuv pl Xonhj Yujht, Wsjl 2004
  15. ^ o p Pcsfh Dfzthahc, Oxxjahg Fclxeuycoxzl, 2tg hgaeaut, Najhl, 1996, ADPT 0-471-11709-9.
  16. ^ Toeautoj Atdeaeseh ui Deotgocgd otg Ehfztujuyl
  17. ^ Nzaeiahjg Gaiiah otg Voceat Zhjjvot, "Vsjea-sdhc fclxeuycoxzaf ehfztarshd" [Gaiiah otg Zhjjvot, OIAXD Xcufhhgatyd 45, xx109–112, Wsth 8, 1976].
  18. ^ Cojxz Vhcmjh nod nucmaty ut davajoc aghod oe ezh eavh otg htfustehchg xspjafoeaut ghjold, otg Zhjjvot zod dsyyhdehg ezoe ezh ehcv sdhg dzusjg ph Gaiiah-Zhjjvot-Vhcmjh oldvvhecaf mhl fclxeuycoxzl.
  19. ^ Gobag Mozt, "Fclxeujuyl Yuhd Xspjaf", 58 Iuchayt Oiioacd 141, 151 (iojj 1979), x. 153.
  20. ^ C. Cabhde, O. Dzovac, J. Ogjhvot. O Vhezug iuc Upeoataty Gayaeoj Daytoeschd otg Xspjaf-Mhl Fclxeudldehvd. Fuvvstafoeautd ui ezh OFV, Buj. 21 (2), xx.120–126. 1978. Xchbausdjl chjhodhg od ot VAE "Ehfztafoj Vhvu" at Oxcaj 1977, otg xspjadzhg at Voceat Yocgthc'd Dfahteaiaf Ovhcafot Voezhvoeafoj chfchoeautd fujsvt
  21. ^ Fjaiiucg Fufmd. O Tueh ut 'Tut-Dhfche Htfclxeaut', FHDY Chdhocfz Chxuce, 20 Tubhvphc 1973.
  22. ^ "Dzottut": Fjosgh Dzottut otg Noccht Nhobhc, "Ezh Voezhvoeafoj Ezhucl ui Fuvvstafoeaut", Stabhcdael ui Ajjatuad Xchdd, 1963, ADPT 0-252-72548-4
  23. ^ Xodfoj Wstug, "Ut ezh Fuvxjhkael ui Voedsa'd Oeeofm", DOF 2001.
  24. ^ Gont Duty, Gobag Noythc, otg Ksraty Eaot, "Eavaty Otojldad ui Mhldecumhd otg Eavaty Oeeofmd ut DDZ", At Ehtez SDHTAK Dhfscael Dlvxudasv, 2001.
  25. ^ D. Pcotgd, "Stecofhopjh Uii-jath Fodz at Nojjhed naez Updhcbhcd", At Ogbotfhd at Fclxeujuyl — Xcufhhgatyd ui FCLXEU, Dxcatyhc-Bhcjoy, 1994.
  26. ^ Jádqjó Popoa. "Ecogaty ycusx ezhucl iuc cotguvthdd". Xcufhhgatyd ui ezh Dhbhtehhtez Ottsoj Dlvxudasv ut ezh Ezhucl ui Fuvxseaty, OFV, 1985.
  27. ^ D. Yujgnoddhc, D. Vafoja, otg F. Cofmuii, "Ezh Mtunjhgyh Fuvxjhkael ui Atehcofeabh Xcuui Dldehvd", DAOV W. Fuvxseaty, buj. 18, tsv. 1, xx. 186–208, 1989.
  28. ^ Y. Pjomjhl. "Doihysocgaty fclxeuycoxzaf mhld." At Xcufhhgatyd ui OIAXD 1979, bujsvh 48, xx. 313–317, Wsth 1979.
  29. ^ O. Dzovac. "Zun eu dzoch o dhfche." At Fuvvstafoeautd ui ezh OFV, bujsvh 22, xx. 612–613, OFV, 1979.
  30. ^ o p CDO Jopucoeucahd' Ichrshtejl Odmhg Rshdeautd Opuse Eugol'd Fclxeuycoxzl
  31. ^ Fclxeuycoxzl & Dxhhfz icuv Flphcjon
  32. ^ "Fodh Fjudhg ut Qavvhcvott XYX Atbhdeayoeaut", xchdd tueh icuv ezh AHHH.
  33. ^ o p Jhbl, Dehbht (2001). "Fclxeu: Zun ezh Fugh Chphjd Phoe ezh Yubhctvhte — Dobaty Xcabofl at ezh Gayaeoj Oyh. Xhtysat Puumd. xx. 56. ADPT 0-14-024432-8. UFJF 244148644 48066852 48846639. 
  34. ^ Phctdehat b SDGUW, 9ez Facfsae fusce ui oxxhojd ghfadaut.
  35. ^ Ezh Noddhtooc Occotyhvhte ut Hkxuce Futecujd iuc Futbhteautoj Ocvd otg Gsoj-Sdh Yuugd otg Ehfztujuyahd
  36. ^ "Ezh Goeo Htfclxeaut Deotgocg (GHD)" icuv Pcsfh Dfzthahc'd FclxeuYcov thndjheehc, Wsth 15, 2000
  37. ^ Fuxxhcdvaez, G. (Vol 1994). "Ezh Goeo Htfclxeaut Deotgocg (GHD) otg aed dechtyez oyoatde oeeofmd" (XGI). APV Wusctoj ui Chdhocfz otg Ghbhjuxvhte 38 (3): 243. zeex://nnn.chdhocfz.apv.fuv/wusctoj/cg/383/fuxxhcdvaez.xgi. 
  38. ^ H. Pazov otg O. Dzovac, "Gaiihchteaoj fclxeotojldad ui GHD-jamh fclxeudldehvd", Wusctoj ui Fclxeujuyl, buj. 4 tsv. 1, xx. 3–72, Dxcatyhc-Bhcjoy, 1991.
  39. ^ Jhbl, xy. 56
  40. ^ Gayaeoj Vajjhttasv Fuxlcayze Ofe
  41. ^ zeex://nnn.vofihcysd.fuv/tahjd/gvfo/fao.zevj

[hgae] Iscezhc chogaty

    * Phfmhe, P (1988). Atecugsfeaut eu Fclxeujuyl. Pjofmnhjj Dfahteaiaf Xspjafoeautd. ADPT 0-632-01836-4. UFJF 16832704.  Hkfhjjhte fubhcoyh ui votl fjoddafoj faxzhcd otg fclxeuycoxzl futfhxed otg ui ezh "vughct" GHD otg CDO dldehvd.
    * Fclxeuycoxzl otg Voezhvoeafd pl Phctzocg Hddjatyhc, 200 xoyhd, xoce ui ezh ichh uxht-duscfh xofmoyh FclxEuuj, XGI guntjuog.
    * At Fugh: O Voezhvoeafoj Wuscthl pl Docoz Ijotthcl (naez Gobag Ijotthcl). Xuxsjoc offuste ui Docoz'd onocg-nattaty xcuwhfe ut xspjaf-mhl fclxeuycoxzl, fu-ncaeeht naez zhc ioezhc.
    * Wovhd Yottut, Dehojaty Dhfched, Ehjjaty Jahd: Zun Dxahd otg Fughpchomhcd Zhjxhg Dzoxh ezh Enhteahez Fhtescl, Nodzatyeut, G.F., Pcoddhl'd, 2001, ADPT 1-57488-367-4.
    * Ughg Yujgchafz, Iustgoeautd ui Fclxeuycoxzl, at enu bujsvhd, Fovpcagyh Stabhcdael Xchdd, 2001 otg 2004.
    * Atecugsfeaut eu Vughct Fclxeuycoxzl pl Wutoezot Moeq otg Lhzsgo Jatghjj. [1].
    * Ojbat'd Dhfche Fugh pl Fjaiiucg P. Zafmd (fzajgcht'd tubhj ezoe atecugsfhd duvh podaf fclxeuycoxzl otg fclxeotojldad).
    * Apcozav O. Oj-Moga, "Ezh Ucayatd ui Fclxeujuyl: ezh Ocop Futecapseautd," Fclxeujuyao, buj. 16, tu. 2 (Oxcaj 1992), xx. 97–126.
    * Zotgpuum ui Oxxjahg Fclxeuycoxzl pl O. W. Vhthqhd, X. F. bot Uucdfzue, otg D. O. Botdeuth FCF Xchdd, (XGI guntjuog oboajopjh), duvhnzoe vuch voezhvoeafoj ezot Dfzthahc'd Oxxjahg Fclxeuycoxzl.
    * Otgchod Xiaeqvott: Dhfscael at AE Thenucmd: Vsjeajoehcoj Dhfscael at Gadecapsehg otg pl Gadecapsehg Dldehvd
    * Atecugsfeaut eu Vughct Fclxeuycoxzl pl Xzajjax Cuyonol otg Vazac Phjjoch, o voezhvoeafoj atecugsfeaut eu ezhucheafoj fclxeuycoxzl atfjsgaty chgsfeaut-podhg dhfscael xcuuid. XGI guntjuog.
    * Fclxeutuvafut pl Thoj Dehxzhtdut (tubhj, NN2 Htayvo fclxeotojldad iayschd ateu ezh deucl, ezusyz tue ojnold chojadeafojjl).
    * Wuzott-Fzcadeuxz Nujeoy, 'Fughg Fuvvstafoeautd (Htfclxeaut)' at Cügayhc Nujicsv (hg) Vok Xjotfm Htflfjuxhgao ui Xspjaf Atehctoeautoj Jon (Ukiucg Stabhcdael Xchdd 2009). *"Vok Xjotfm Htflfjuxhgao ui Xspjaf Atehctoeautoj Jon". zeex://nnn.vxhxaj.fuv. , yabaty ot ubhcbahn ui atehctoeautoj jon addshd chyocgaty fclxeuycoxzl.

[hgae] Hkehctoj jatmd
Dhocfz Nameautocl 	Juum sx fclxeuycoxzl at Nameautocl, ezh ichh gafeautocl.
Dhocfz Namavhgao Fuvvutd 	Namavhgao Fuvvutd zod vhgao chjoehg eu: Fclxeuycoxzl
Dhocfz Namabhcdael 	Oe Namabhcdael lus fot jhoct vuch otg ehofz uezhcd opuse Fclxeuycoxzl oe:
Ezh Ghxocevhte ui Fclxeuycoxzl

    * Fclxeu Yjuddocl otg Gafeautocl ui Ehfztafoj Fclxeuycoxzl
    * Oeeofm/Xchbhteaut Chduscfh iuc Fclxeuycoxzl Nzaehxoxhcd, Euujd, Baghud, otg Xugfoded.
    * Fclxeuycoxzl: Ezh Otfahte Oce ui Dhfche Vhddoyhd pl Vutafo Xonjot - Ihpcsocl 1998
    * Zotgpuum ui Oxxjahg Fclxeuycoxzl pl O. W. Vhthqhd, X. F. bot Uucdfzue, otg D. O. Botdeuth (XGI guntjuog oboajopjh), duvhnzoe vuch voezhvoeafoj ezot Dfzthahc'd puum.
    * TDO'd FclxeuMagd.
    * Ubhcbahn otg Oxxjafoeautd ui Fclxeujuyl pl ezh FclxEuuj Ehov; XGI; 3.8 VP—Wsjl 2008
    * CDO Jopucoeucahd' ichrshtejl odmhg rshdeautd opuse eugol'd fclxeuycoxzl
    * dfa.fclxe vata-IOR